Tuberculosis cutánea esporotricoide en la Amazonía peruana: reporte de caso / Sporotrichoid cutaneous tuberculosis in the peruvian amazon: case report

RESUMEN La tuberculosis cutánea es una presentación rara de la infección por Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Se presenta el caso de una mujer sin antecedentes médicos de importancia, con un tiempo de enfermedad de año y medio, caracterizado por lesiones tipo esporotricoide, con diseminación linfocutánea en miembro superior derecho, de evolución lentamente progresiva. Se realizó un estudio histopatológico encontrándose células gigantes tipo Langhans y escasa necrosis. El paciente recibió terapia de esquema sensible antituberculoso, con evolución favorable.

ABSTRACT Cutaneous tuberculosis is a rare presentation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. We present the case of a woman without important medical history, with a disease period of one year and a half, characterized by sporotrichoid-like lesions, with lymphocutaneous dissemination in the right upper limb, and with slowly progressive evolution. The histopathological tests revealed Langhans type giant cells and scarce necrosis. The patient received therapy with a sensitive antituberculous scheme, and evolved favorably.

Eritema indurado de Bazin como una reactivación de una tuberculosis latente en una paciente con tratamiento biológico anti-factor de necrosis tumoral / Erythema induratum of Bazin as a reactivation of latent tuberculosis infection in a patient receiving anti-tumor necrosis factor treatment

Resumen El eritema indurado de Bazin es una tuberculosis cutánea rara, considerada una tuberculide o reacción de hipersensibilidad a Mycobacterium tuberculosis. El tratamiento con agentes biológicos es un factor de riesgo conocido para la reactivación de tuberculosis, especialmente en áreas de alta incidencia como Latinoamérica, por lo que existen protocolos de búsqueda y tratamiento antes del inicio de este tipo de terapias. Se presenta un caso clínico de eritema indurado de Bazin como reactivación de una infección tuberculosa latente en una paciente con artritis reumatoide que recibía tratamiento con golimumab.

Abstract Erythema induratum of Bazin is a rare form of cutaneous tuberculosis, considered as part of the spectrum of tuberculids or hipersensitivity reactions to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Treatment with biologic agents is a known risk factor for tuberculosis reactivation, especially in areas of high incidence like Latin America, which is why screening and treatment protocols must be followed before these therapies are initiated. We present a case of erythema induratum of Bazin as a reactivation of latent tuberculosis infection in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis treated with golimumab.

Escrofuloderma: tuberculosis cutánea y pulmonar asociada a coinfección COVID-19: reporte de caso / Scrofuloderma, cutaneous and pulmonary tuberculosis associated with COVID-19: report of one case

Cutaneous tuberculosis represents 1-1.5% of extrapulmonary tuberculosis, including a variety of clinical conditions. Scrofuloderma and lupus vulgaris are the most common forms. We report a 49-year-old woman who sought medical attention through tele-dermatology concerning a cervical nodule associated with suppuration and cutaneous involvement. The diagnoses of scrofuloderma and pulmonary tuberculosis were confirmed, and during her evolution she presented a coinfection with SARS-CoV-2. The possible associations between tuberculosis and COVID-19 were reviewed.

Gummatous cutaneous tuberculosis associated with the use of infliximab for Crohn's disease

Abstract As the treatment of infectious and parasitic diseases improved, the prevalence of these conditions declined. However, with the expansion of the use of immunobiologicals, opportunistic infections have emerged, especially under atypical presentations. The present study reports the case of a patient treated with infliximab for Crohn's disease, who presented diarrhea, weight loss, abdominal pain, fever, and subcutaneous erythematous nodules that evolved with spontaneous fluctuation and ulceration. With the finding of alcohol-resistant bacilli and Mycobacterium tuberculosis DNA in a cutaneous fragment, through polymerase chain reaction, the diagnosis of gummatous tuberculosis was confirmed, probably secondary to hematogenous dissemination from an intestinal focus.

Diagnosis of cutaneous tuberculosis (lymph node scrofuloderma) using the Xpert MTB/RIF® method

Abstract Cutaneous tuberculosis is a rare infection that is difficult to diagnose, because it shows less sensitivity and specificity in classic complementary exams when compared with the pulmonary form. The Xpert MTB/RIF® method offers an early diagnosis that identifies the DNA of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and the main mutations that give the bacterium resistance to rifampicin. The authors present a case of scrofuloderma whose diagnosis was quickly obtained through the secretion of a cervical lesion, allowing an early diagnosis and the initiation of appropriate treatment.

Escrofuloderma, una manifestación extrapulmonar de tuberculosis: a propósito de un caso y actualización de esquema de tratamiento en Chile / Scrofuloderma, a manifestation extrapulmonary tuberculosis: about a case and treatment scheme update in Chile

La tuberculosis (TBC) es una enfermedad infecciosa causada por organismos del complejo Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Las presentaciones extrapulmonares constituyen hasta el 25% de los casos de TBC reportados en nuestro país. La TBC cutánea es una manifestación extrapulmonar rara que representa el 1-2% de los casos, siendo el escrofuloderma y el lupus vulgar las formas clínicas más comunes. El escrofuloderma es una manifestación endógena de la infección, como resultado de la extensión contigua a la piel suprayacente desde estructuras adyacentes. La biopsia de piel asociada a técnicas moleculares y cultivo de micobacterias constituyen el gold standard diagnóstico de la TBC cutánea. El tratamiento de la TBC cutánea sigue las mismas recomendaciones que para otras formas de TBC. Presentamos el caso de un paciente con escrofuloderma.

Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused by organisms of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. Extrapulmonary presentations may constitutes up to 25% of TB cases. Reported in our country Cutaneous tuberculosis is a rare extrapulmonary manifestation that represents 1-2% of cases, with scrofuloderma and lupus vulgaris being the most common clinical forms. Scrofuloderma is an endogenous manifestation of the infection, because of contiguous extension to the overlying skin from adjacent structures. Skin biopsy associated with molecular techniques and mycobacterial culture constitute the gold standard for diagnosis of cutaneous TB. The treatment of cutaneous TB follows the same recommendations as for other forms of TB. We present the case of a patient with scrofuloderma.

A case of tuberculosis verrucosa cutis in Brazil undiagnosed for 15 years

ABSTRACT Tuberculosis verrucosa cutis is a rare medical condition that is caused by the inoculation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis into the skin of a previously sensitized individual. This clinical form of tuberculosis corresponds to 1-2% of all cases of tuberculosis and due to the paucibacillary characteristic of the lesions, patients can be misdiagnosed, accounting for the chronification of the skin infection. Herein, we report the case of a 26-year-old male farmer, presenting plaques with verrucosa and hyperkeratosis features in the left thigh and buttocks during 15 years. M. tuberculosis was identified by PCR and the patient was treated with standard anti-tuberculosis drugs, with subsequent improvement of the skin lesions.

Tuberculosis cutánea en pabellón auricular: reporte de un caso / Cutaneous tuberculosis in ear auricle: a case report

RESUMEN La tuberculosis cutánea representa menos del 2% de todos los casos de la infección por Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Su baja prevalencia, asociada a la amplia variedad en la presentación clínica de las lesiones, dificulta y retrasa el diagnóstico y, por tanto, el inicio del tratamiento. El siguiente es el caso de una paciente de 80 años, con una lesión ulcerada, crónica, en pabellón auricular izquierdo, con evolución tórpida y pobre respuesta al manejo farmacológico instaurado; con biopsia de piel que mostró reacción inflamatoria crónica y presencia de bacilos ácido-alcohol resistentes.

ABSTRACT Cutaneous tuberculosis represents less than 2% of all cases of infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Its low prevalence, associated with a wide variety in clinical presentation of the lesions, hinders and delays the diagnosis and, thus, treatment initiation. The following is the case of an 80-years old, female patient with an ulcerated, chronic lesion in the left ear auricle, with a torpid evolution and poor response to established pharmacological management; with a skin biopsy that showed chronic inflammatory reaction and the presence of acid-fast bacilli.

Tuberculosis cutánea a forma de lupus vulgar causada por vacuna de bacilo Calmette-Guérin. A propósito de un caso pediátrico / Lupus vulgaris as a form of cutaneous TB caused by the Bacille Calmette-Guérin vaccine. A pediatric case / Tuberculose cutânea sob forma de lúpus vulgar causada pela vacina de bacilo Calmette- Guérin. A propósito de um caso pediátrico

La tuberculosis cutánea es una enfermedad infecciosa crónica y poco frecuente ocasionada por Mycobacteriun tuberculosis. Existen varias formas de la infección cutánea, siendo el lupus vulgar la más frecuente y común en los países industrializados. Las variantes clínicas dependerán de la vía de llegada del bacilo a la piel, del estado inmunológico del paciente y del medio ambiente. En el lupus vulgar, además de M. tuberculosis puede estar implicado M. bovis y menos frecuentemente el bacilo de Calmette y Guérin. Esta entidad presenta una evolución crónica, es de carácter progresivo y es rara de ver en niños. Se presenta el caso de una niña en la cual se diagnosticó una forma de tuberculosis cutánea denominada lupus vulgar provocada por el bacilo de Calmette y Guérin. Caso clínico: niña de 10 años que presentaba lesiones cutáneas de diferentes características, de evolución tórpida y asintomáticas; la de mayor tamaño se localizaba en la cara externa del deltoides derecho en forma de placa eritematosa de 20 por 10 cm con bordes sobreelevados presentando en su centro micropápulas que coalescen dejando una zona de atrofia central. Esta había comenzado en etapa neonatal luego de la vacunación por el bacilo de Calmette y Guérin. Desde hacía tres años presentaba una segunda lesión más pequeña en cara externa de muslo derecho de similares características y otras de carácter múltiple en dorso con forma de micropápulas rojo vinosas. Los exámenes de valoración general fueron normales, al igual que la radiografía de tórax y de los miembros. El test de la tuberculina mostró una induración de 15 mm y las baciloscopias fueron negativas. La biopsia de la lesión de piel del deltoides mostró granulomas caseosos y las técnicas moleculares diagnosticaron Mycobacterium bovis atenuado. Con ese diagnóstico, recibió tratamiento antituberculoso por diez meses con buena tolerancia y con mejoría de las lesiones.

Cutaneous TB is a rather unusual chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacteriun tuberculosis. There are several forms of cutaneous infection, lupus vulgaris being the most frequent and ordinary one in developed countries. Clinical variations will depend on the site of infiltration of the skin by the bacillus, the patient's immune condition and the environment. In the case of lupus vulgaris, apart from Mycobacteriun tuberculosis, M. bovis may be involved, and the Bacille Calmette Guérin involvement is less frequent. The latter presents a chronic evolution, being progressive and unusual in children. The study presents the case of a girl who was diagnosed with a form of cutaneous tuberculosis called lupus vulgaris caused by the Bacille Calmette-Guérin vaccine. Clinical case: a 10 year old girl who evidenced skin lesions of different kinds, of slow evolution and asymptomatic: the largest one was in the external part of the right deltoid muscle as an erythematous plaque of 20 by 10 cm with higher borders evidencing micro papules in the center that coalesce leaving a central atrophy zone. The latter had started in the neonatal stage after the Bacille Calmette-Guérin vaccine. For three years she had evidenced a second smaller lesion in the outer face of the right thigh of similar characteristics and other multiple lesions in the back with the shape of vinous red micro papules. Assessment tests were generally normal, as well as the chest and limbs X-ray. The tuberculin test evidenced a 15 mm induration and smears were negative. The deltoid muscle skin lesion biopsy showed caseous granulomas and molecular techniques diagnosed attenuated Mycobacteriumbovis. Given that diagnose the patient received anti-TB treatment during 10 months, tolerance being good and the lesions improved.

A tuberculose cutânea é uma doença infecciosa crônica e pouco frequente causada pelo Mycobacteriun tuberculosis. Existem várias formas de infecção cutânea, sendo o lúpus vulgar a mais frequente e comum nos países industrializados. As variantes clínicas dependerão da via de entrada do bacilo à pele, do estado imunológico do paciente e do ambiente. No lúpus vulgar, além do M. tuberculosis podem estar implicados o M. bovis e mais raramente o bacilo de Calmette-Guérin. Esta entidade apresenta uma evolução crônica, é progressiva e é rara em crianças. Apresenta-se o caso de uma paciente de sexo feminino com 10 anos que foi diagnosticada com uma forma de tuberculose cutânea denominada lúpus vulgar provocada pelo bacilo de Calmette-Guérin. Caso clínico: paciente de sexo feminino com 10 anos que apresentava lesões cutâneas de diferentes características, com evolução letárgica e assintomática; a maior lesão estava localizada na face externa do deltoide direito sob a forma de placa eritematosa de 20 x 10 cm com bordes sobrelevados apresentando no centro micropápulas que coalescem deixando una zona de atrofia central. Esta lesão começou na etapa neonatal depois da vacinação com o bacilo de Calmette-Guérin. Desde 3 anos apresentava uma segunda lesão menor na face externa da coxa direita com características similares e outras múltiplas no dorso com forma de micropápulas com coloração de manchas em vinho do Porto. Os exames de avaliação geral foram normais, bem como as radiografias de tórax e de membros. O teste da tuberculina mostrou uma induración de 15 mm e as baciloscopias foram negativas. A biopsia da lesão de pele dos deltoides mostrou granulomas caseosos e as técnicas moleculares diagnosticaram Mycobacterium bovis atenuado. Com esse diagnóstico recebeu tratamento antituberculoso por 10 meses com boa tolerância e melhoria das lesões.

Scrofuloderma: a diagnostic challenge

Abstract: Cutaneous tuberculosis is a rare form of extrapulmonary tuberculosis, comprising 1-2% of cases. Caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis or related strains, it presents a wide range of clinical manifestations, mimicking other chronic dermatoses and leading to delayed diagnosis. A case of scrofuloderma is reported, whose diagnosis and treatment were only made six years after onset of the disease.

PLECT: enfermedades tropicales de manifestación verrucosa / PLECT: tropical manifestation diseases verrucosa

Cada día es más habitual ver en nuestra consulta médica enfermedades dermatológicas endémicas de zonas tropicales, gracias a los flujos migratorios recientes y aumento del turismo hacia el extranjero. Presentamos un acrónimo muy utilizado en Brasil, PLECT, que reúne a enfermedades infecciosas que deben tenerse en mente en el diferencial de lesiones verrucosas, a saber, Paracoccidiodomicosis, Leishmaniasis Tegumentar, Esporotricosis, Cromomicosis y Tuberculosis Cutánea.

Increasingly, it is more common to see dermatological diseases that are endemic in tropical areas in our medical practice, thanks to recent migratory flows and increased tourism abroad. We present an acronym widely used in Brazil, PLECT, which brings together infectious diseases that should be borne in mind in the differential of verrucous lesions, namely, Paracoccidiodomicosis, Cutaneous Leishmaniasis, Sporotrichosis, Chromomycosis and Cutaneous Tuberculosis.

Cutaneous and articular tuberculosis in a renal transplant recipient

Abstract Seven months after undergoing kidney transplantation, a 56-year-old woman presented with papules and ulcers in her right forearm. The patient received antibiotics for 8 months with limited improvement. Eleven months after symptom onset, she presented with acute arthritis in her left knee. Asynovial fluid culture yielded Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and a forearm ulcer biopsy showed granulomatous inflammation. After surgical fistulectomy and 12 months of tuberculosis treatment, she was cured. Chronic cutaneous ulcers and articular manifestations in TB are rare, but they should always be considered in the differential diagnosis for immunosuppressed patients. Surgical intervention and prolonged treatment might be necessary.

Tuberculosis cutánea / Cutaneous tuberculosis

La tuberculosis cutánea (TC) es una afección infrecuente dentro de la tuberculosis extrapulmonar, siendo su clínica variada e inespecífica. Se presenta el caso de TC: Mujer de 48 años sin antecedentes mórbidos que consultó por lesión cutánea en pabellón auricular y piel circundante, de dos años de evolución, pruriginosa, con aumento de tamaño progresivo y supuración serosa ocasional, al examen se constató placa eritematosa anaranjada, de consistencia blanda. Reacción en Cadena de Polimerasa de biopsia evidenció infección por Mycobacterium tuberculosis, logrando remisión de la lesión con tratamiento antituberculoso establecido en las normas sanitarias de Chile. La TC es una entidad de difícil diagnóstico, incluso contando con cultivos. A causa del aumento de casos de tuberculosis por el incremento de factores inmunosupresores, y a su potencial agresividad sistémica, se recomienda un alto nivel de sospecha.

Cutaneous tuberculosis (CT) is an infrequent condition of extrapulmonary tuberculosis, with a varied and non-specific clinical morphologies. A case of CT is presented: 48-yearold woman with no morbid history, who consulted for a skin lesion in the auricular pavilion and surrounding area, of two years of evolution, pruritic, with increasing progressive size and occasional serous secreation. On physical examination, orange erythematous plaque with soft consistency was found. Polymerase Chain Reaction from biopsy, showed infection by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, achieving remission of the lesion with antituberculosis treatment established in Chilean sanitary regulations. CT is an entity difficult to diagnose even with the use of culture. A high level of suspicion is recommended because of the increase of cases of tuberculosis due to immunosuppressive factors and their potential systemic aggressiveness.

TBC cutánea causada por Mycobacterium tuberculosis multidrogo resistente: reporte de un caso / Cutaneous TBC caused by multi-drug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis. case report

La TBC es una enfermedad causada por Mycobacterium tuberculosis y afecta usualmente el pulmón aunque un pequeño porcentaje se puede presentar en la forma cutánea. Se presenta el caso de un varón de 23 años, natural de la provincia de Madre de Dios, que desarrolló TBC pulmonar y cutánea causado por Mycobacterium tuberculosis MDR. El diagnóstico se hizo por Bk de secreción cutánea y Bk de esputo con resultado positivo en ambos casos; presentó además edema en hemicuerpo izquierdo, y ulceras a nivel esternal y a nivel clavicular. El paciente fue hospitalizado como enfermedad TBC pulmonar y extrapulmonar. El caso reportado pone en énfasis la TBC cutánea y el riesgo que esto significa aun en pacientes inmunocompetentes.

TBC caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and affects usually the lung, although a small percentage of patients present with skin involvement. We present the case of a 23-year-old male patient from Madre de Dios who developed both pulmonary and skin TBC caused by multi-drug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The diagnosis was made by detecting Mycobacterium using acid fast stains in sputum and skin samples. This case illustrates the risk that immunosuppressed patients has to get cutaneous tuberculosis.

Cutaneous tuberculosis due to multidrug-resistant tubercle bacilli and difficulties in clinical diagnosis.

This report describes 6 HIV-negative patients including 5 children with scrofuloderma and an adult with lupus vulgaris, out of a total of 303 cases of cutaneous tuberculosis seen during a 4½-year period, who showed a positive tuberculin test and granulomatous histopathology, but failed to respond to fi rst-line antitubercular therapy. They were suspected to have multidrug-resistant infection as no other cause could be ascertained. Tissue aspirate or biopsy was sent for histopathology and culture. Mycobacterium tuberculosis was isolated from the aspirate in three patients and sputum in one with associated pulmonary tuberculosis. Drug susceptibility tests showed that all isolates were resistant to rifampicin and isoniazid, and one each additionally to streptomycin and ethambutol, respectively. In two, culture was unsuccessful. All were administered second-line antitubercular drugs. Clinical improvement was appreciable within 2 months as weight gain, and regression of ulcers, swellings and plaques. Two completed the recommended 24 months of therapy. Multidrug-resistant cutaneous tuberculosis should be suspected in patients with no response to fi rst-line drugs, with clinical deterioration, and where other causes of treatment failure are not forthcoming. Owing to poor isolation rates on culture and low sensitivity of molecular tests, in such cases, a trial of second-line anti-tubercular drugs may be justifi ed for a reasonable period of 2 months. Where facilities permit, culture and drug sensitivity tests should be done before starting treatment. Culture positivity is better from aspirated material.

Tuberculosis cutánea: revisión del tema a propósito de dos casos / Cutaneous tuberculosis: two cases and literature review

La Tuberculosis Cutánea es una enfermedad infecciosa crónica causada por el Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Pese a ser una forma poco frecuente de presentación de la Tuberculosis, representa un gran desafío para los clínicos que se enfrentan a estos casos, debido principalmente a la gran diversidad de formas clínicas existentes. A continuación presentamos 2 casos clínicos de Tuberculosis Cutánea diagnosticados en el Hospital Regional de Talca y una revisión del tema basada en la clasificación, diagnóstico y tratamiento de la enfermedad.

Cutaneous Tuberculosis is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Despite being a rare presentation of the disease, Cutaneous Tuberculosis is a major challenge for clinicians who face these cases, mainly due to the great diversity of clinical forms. We present 2 cases of Cutaneous Tuberculosis diagnosed in Hospital Regional de Talca and a review of the topic based in classification, diagnosis and treatment of the disease.